PRISMA-7 and Risk for Short-Term Adverse Events in Older Patients Visiting the Emergency Department: Results of a Large Observational and Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The "Program of Research on the Integration of Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy" (PRISMA-7) is the reference tool for the assessment of older patients visiting the emergency departments (EDs) in the province of Quebec (Canada). This study aimed to examine 1) whether the PRISMA-7 high-risk level for disabilities was associated with the length of stay in ED and in hospital, and hospital admission; and 2) performance criteria (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV], likelihood ratios [LR]) of the PRISMA-7 high-risk level for the length of stay in ED and hospital, and hospital admission in older ED users. METHODS: A total of 12,983 older ED users of the Jewish General Hospital (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) were recruited in this observational and prospective cohort study. All enrolled participants had a PRISMA-7 assessment upon their arrival at ED. The length of stay in ED and hospital, and hospital admission were used as outcomes. RESULTS: A PRISMA-7 high-risk level was associated with an increased length of stay in ED and hospital (ß ≥2.1 with P≤0.001 and Hazard ratio (HR)= ≥1.2 with P≤0.001) as well as in hospital (HR=1.27 with P≤0.001) in patients on a stretcher. All performance criteria were low (i.e., <0.78). Patients with a PRISMA-7 high-risk level were discharged significantly later from ED and hospital compared to those with low-risk level (P=0.001). INTERPRETATION: A PRISMA-7 high-risk level was associated with a long length of stay in ED and hospital, and hospital admission in patients on a stretcher but had poor performance criteria for these adverse events, suggesting that it cannot be used as a prognostic tool in older ED users.

Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and incident dementia: results from a population-based prospective and observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR), which is the juncture of subjective cognitive complaint and slow gait speed, is a pre-dementia stage. The aims of the study are (i) to compare characteristics between individuals who have MCR defined using slow walking speed and/or increased five-times-sit-to-stand (FTSS) time as its motor component(s); and (ii) to characterize the association of MCR and its various motor components with incident dementia including Alzheimer disease and non-Alzheimer dementia in the participants of the Epidémiologie de l'Ostéoporose (EPIDOS) study. METHODS: This prospective and observational cohort study selected 651 participants recruited from the EPIDOS study in Toulouse (France). MCR was defined as the association of subjective cognitive complaint and slow gait speed and/or increased FTSS time in participants without either dementia and mobility disabilities at baseline. Individuals with dementia were prospectively diagnosed during the physical and neuropsychological assessments included in the 7-year follow-up. RESULTS: The prevalence of MCR was around 7% when using an exclusive motor criterion, either slow gait speed or increased FTSS time, and was 20.9% when MCR subgroups were pooled. MCR was positively associated with incident dementia regardless of its type, and with Alzheimer disease in the slow gait speed MCR subgroup [odds ratio (OR) > 2.18 with P ≤ 0.037] but not with non-Alzheimer dementia. No significant association between incident dementia and MCR defined using increased FTSS time was shown. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that MCR is associated with incident dementia and that slow gait speed is the appropriate motor criterion for detecting dementia risk.

Motoric cognitive risk syndrome and mortality: results from the EPIDOS cohort.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cognitive impairment, slow walking speed and motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR) have separately been associated with an increased risk for mortality in the short term. The aim of the study was to examine the association of MCR and its components [i.e. subjective cognitive complaint (SCC) and slow walking speed] with short-, medium- and long-term mortality in older community-dwellers. METHODS: In all, 3778 participants from the Epidémiologie de l'Ostéoporose (EPIDOS) study were selected. MCR was defined as the combination of slow walking speed and SCC in participants without major neurocognitive disorders. Deaths were prospectively recorded using mail, phone calls, questionnaires and/or the French national death registry at 5, 10, 15 and 19 (end of follow-up period) years. RESULTS: Over the follow-up of 19 years, 80.5% (n = 3043) participants died. Slow walking speed and MCR were associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.20 with P = 0.004 for slow walking speed and HR = 1.26 with P = 0.002 for MCR at 10 years; HR = 1.27 with P ≤ 0.001 for slow walking speed and HR = 1.22 with P = 0.001 for MCR at 15 years; HR = 1.41 with P ≤ 0.001 at 19 years for slow walking speed and MCR]. There was no association between SCC and mortality. Kaplan-Meier distributions of mortality showed that participants with MCR and slow walking speed died earlier compared to healthy participants and those with SCC (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Slow walking speed and MCR were associated with an increased risk for mortality at the medium and long term, whereas no association was found with SCC.

Age effect on the prediction of risk of prolonged length hospital stay in older patients visiting the emergency department: results from a large prospective geriatric cohort study.

BACKGROUND: With the rapid growth of elderly patients visiting the Emergency Department (ED), it is expected that there will be even more hospitalisations following ED visits in the future. The aim of this study was to examine the age effect on the performance criteria of the 10-item brief geriatric assessment (BGA) for the prolonged length of hospital stay (LHS) using artificial neural networks (ANNs) analysis. METHODS: Based on an observational prospective cohort study, 1117 older patients (i.e., aged ≥ 65 years) ED users were admitted to acute care wards in a University Hospital (France) were recruited. The 10-items of BGA were recorded during the ED visit and prior to discharge to acute care wards. The top third of LHS (i.e., ≥ 13 days) defined the prolonged LHS. Analysis was successively performed on participants categorized in 4 age groups: aged ≥ 70, ≥ 75, ≥ 80 and ≥ 85 years. Performance criteria of 10-item BGA for the prolonged LHS were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV], likelihood ratios [LR], area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]). The ANNs analysis method was conducted using the modified multilayer perceptron (MLP). RESULTS: Values of criteria performance were high (sensitivity> 89%, specificity≥ 96%, PPV > 87%, NPV > 96%, LR+ > 22; LR- ≤ 0.1 and AUROC> 93), regardless of the age group. CONCLUSIONS: Age effect on the performance criteria of the 10-item BGA for the prediction of prolonged LHS using MLP was minimal with a good balance between criteria, suggesting that this tool may be used as a screening as well as a predictive tool for prolonged LHS.

Precipitants of Delirium in Older Inpatients Admitted in Surgery for Post-Fall Hip Fracture: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Hip fractures precipitate several acute adverse outcomes in elderly people, thus leading to chronic adverse outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The objective of our study was to examine the clinical characteristics associated with incident delirium in community dwelling elderly individuals who have a hip fracture. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Data was collected from an academic tertiary hospital affiliated with McGill University. PARTICIPANTS: 114 elderly individuals who were above 65 years of age, who underwent surgery for a fractured hip. MEASUREMENTS: The main outcome variable was incident delirium, which was assessed by chart reviews of notes and observations recorded by nurses and physicians when patients were admitted post operatively to the surgical unit. Covariates included age, sex, length of stay, delay to surgery, number of medical comorbidities, number of medications and hip fracture location, and were extracted from medical records. Baseline mobility and functional status, preoperative cognitive impairment, postoperative complications, regular psychotropic medications, psychotropic medications in hospital, and location of discharge were also assessed through chart review. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that 17.5% of participants with a diagnosis of delirium had a longer length of hospitalization (p = 0.01), a lower baseline functional status (p = 0.03) and pre-operative cognitive impairment (p = 0.01). Patients receiving new psychotropic medications in hospital were more likely to have delirium (OR = 4.6, p = 0.01) which was independent of pre-operative cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: We have shown that an association exists between psychotropic medication prescription and incident delirium in patients with hip fractures, even when adjusting for cognitive impairment. Hence, the prescription of psychotropic drugs should be judicious in these patients so as minimize the risk of adverse outcomes.

Falls Risk Prediction for Older Inpatients in Acute Care Medical Wards: Is There an Interest to Combine an Early Nurse Assessment and the Artificial Neural Network Analysis?

BACKGROUND: Identification of the risk of falls is important among older inpatients. This study aims to examine performance criteria (i.e.; sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy) for fall prediction resulting from a nurse assessment and an artificial neural networks (ANNs) analysis in older inpatients hospitalized in acute care medical wards. METHODS: A total of 848 older inpatients (mean age, 83.0±7.2 years; 41.8% female) admitted to acute care medical wards in Angers University hospital (France) were included in this study using an observational prospective cohort design. Within 24 hours after admission of older inpatients, nurses performed a bedside clinical assessment. Participants were separated into non-fallers and fallers (i.e.; ≥1 fall during hospitalization stay). The analysis was conducted using three feed forward ANNs (multilayer perceptron [MLP], averaged neural network, and neuroevolution of augmenting topologies [NEAT]). RESULTS: Seventy-three (8.6%) participants fell at least once during their hospital stay. ANNs showed a high specificity, regardless of which ANN was used, and the highest value reported was with MLP (99.8%). In contrast, sensitivity was lower, with values ranging between 98.4 to 14.8%. MLP had the highest accuracy (99.7). CONCLUSIONS: Performance criteria for fall prediction resulting from a bedside nursing assessment and an ANNs analysis was associated with a high specificity but a low sensitivity, suggesting that this combined approach should be used more as a diagnostic test than a screening test when considering older inpatients in acute care medical ward.

Association between hypovitaminosis D and cognitive inhibition impairment during major depression episode.

BACKGROUND: Major depressive episode (MDE) has been associated with cognitive functioning alteration and hypovitaminosis D (hypoVD), but the relationship between hypoVD, depression, and cognition is not well understood. We aimed to compare patient with MDE with or without hypoVD in regard of cognitive functioning. METHODS: 91 patients (38.5 years old, 65.9% female) with MDE were included in a cross-sectional study and were evaluated with a complete cognitive battery. None of the participants were medicated at the time of the inclusion. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured using LC-MS/MS method, and hypovitaminosis was defined as 25OHD < 50nmol/L. Covariates were gender, season of dosage, first MDE onset, age, body mass index and depression severity RESULTS: Patients with hypoVD demonstrated a higher stroop intereference index time underscoring that means low cognitive inhibition ability. Mutiple logistic regression confirmed that hypoVD was significantly associated with high stroop interference time index after controlling by gender, season of dosage, first MDE onset, age, body mass index and depression severity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that patient with MDE having hypoVD may be more prone to cognitive impairment.

The spectrum of pre-dementia stages: cognitive profile of motoric cognitive risk syndrome and relationship with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome is a pre-dementia syndrome. There is little information on the cognitive profile of individuals with MCR syndrome and its overlap with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) syndrome. This study aimed to examine and compare the cognitive performance of non-demented older community dwellers with and without MCR and MCI syndromes. METHODS: A total of 291 non-demented individuals were selected from the Gait and Alzheimer Interactions Tracking study, which is a cross-sectional study. All participants were referred to a memory clinic. Individuals with and without MCR were separated into those with and without MCI. Cognitive performance was measured using the scores of the Mini Mental Status Examination, Frontal Assessment Battery, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Trail Making Test part A and B, and Stroop test. RESULTS: The prevalence of MCI was 40.1% and that of MCR was 18.2%, with a higher prevalence of MCI in MCR group compared with the non-MCR group (47.2% vs. 39.5%). Individuals with MCR and MCI syndromes had poorer cognitive performance in all domains compared with those without MCR (P < 0.005), except for the ratio part III: part I of the Stroop test (P = 0.345). The association between cognitive performance and MCR syndrome was worse on the Mini Mental Status Examination score [effect size, -0.57 (95% confidence interval, -1.02 to -0.12)] and Trail Making Test part B [effect size, 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.14-1.04)] in individuals with MCR and MCI syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: Motoric cognitive risk syndrome is associated with low global cognitive performance. Association of MCR and MCI syndromes is characterized by a worse cognitive performance.

Association between bullous pemphigoid and hypovitaminosis D in older inpatients: Results from a case-control study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare serum vitamin D status in older inpatients with bullous pemphigoid (BP) and matched inpatients without BP, and to examine whether hypovitaminosis D, a high comorbidity burden or their combination were associated with BP. METHODS: This prospective case-control study was performed from November 2012 to February 2014. A total of 90 consecutive older inpatients (31 consecutive inpatients with a de novo diagnosis of active BP, and 59 matched controls without BP) were recruited in the Department of Dermatology of Angers University Hospital, France. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration<50nmol/L. Age, gender, functional level, sun exposure, season, comorbidity burden and cognitive performance were used as covariates. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between older inpatients with and without BP. Fully adjusted logistic regression showed a significant association between BP and hypovitaminosis D (odds ratio [OR]=3.7, P=0.046). The analysis of interaction between hypovitaminosis D and comorbidity burden showed that only the association of both was significantly associated with PB (OR=3.1, P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: BP was significantly associated with hypovitaminosis D solely in patients with a high comorbidity burden among the older in-patients studied. This result suggests a complex interplay between hypovitaminosis D and BP, explaining the mixed results reported previously in the literature.

Risk of Unplanned Emergency Department Readmission after an Acute-Care Hospital Discharge among Geriatric Inpatients: Results from the Geriatric EDEN Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims 1) to examine whether items of the brief geriatric assessment (BGA) or their combinations predicted the risk of unplanned emergency department readmission after an acute care hospital discharge among geriatric inpatients, and 2) to determine whether BGA could be used as a prognostic tool for unplanned emergency department readmission. METHODS: A total of 312 older patients (mean age, 84.6 ± 5.4 years; 64.1% female) hospitalized in acute care wards after an emergency department visit were recruited in this observational prospective cohort study and separated into 2 groups based on the occurrence or not of an unplanned emergency department readmission during a 12-month follow-up period after their hospital discharge. A 6-item BGA was performed at emergency department admission before the discharge to acute care wards. Information on incident unplanned emergency department readmission was prospectively collected by phone call and by consulting the hospital registry. Several combinations of items of BGA identifying three levels of risk of unplanned emergency department readmission (i.e., low risk, intermediate risk and high risk) were examined. RESULTS: The unplanned emergency department readmission was more frequently associated with a temporal disorientation (P=0.004). Area under receiver operating characteristic curves of unplanned emergency department readmission based on BGA items and their combinations ranged from 0.53 to 0.61. The best predictor of unplanned emergency department readmission was the temporal disorientation (hazard ratio>1.65, P<0.035), which defined the high-risk group. Inpatients classified in high-risk group of unplanned emergency department readmission were more frequently readmitted to emergency department than those in intermediate- and low-risk groups (P log Rank <0.004). Prognostic values for unplanned emergency department readmission of items and their combinations were poor with sensitivity below 67%, specificity ranging from 36.4 to 53.7, and positive likelihood ratio below 1.4. CONCLUSIONS: The items of BGA and their combinations were significant risk factors for unplanned emergency department readmission, but their prognostic value was poor.

Performance of cognitive tests, individually and combined, for the detection of cognitive disorders amongst community-dwelling elderly people with memory complaints: the EVATEM study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dementia is a leading cause of dependence amongst the aged population. Early identification of cognitive impairment could help to delay advanced stages of dependence. This study aimed at assessing the performance of three neuropsychological tests to detect cognitive disorders in elderly subjects with memory complaints. METHODS: The EVATEM study is a prospective multicentre cohort with a 1-year follow-up. Subjects with memory complaints were selected during preventive health examinations, and three neuropsychological tests (five-word, cognitive disorders examination, verbal fluency) were administered. Two groups were identified in memory clinics: (i) cognitively healthy individuals (CHI) and (ii) mild cognitive impairment or demented individuals (MCI-DI). Cross-sectional analyses were performed on data at inclusion. The relationship between the diagnosis of MCI-DI/CHI and the neuropsychological tests was assessed using logistic regressions. The performance of the neuropsychological tests, individually and combined, to detect cognitive disorders was calculated. RESULTS: Of 585 subjects, 31.11% had cognitive disorders (MCI, 176 subjects; DI, six subjects). Amongst the three tests studied, the odds ratio for MCI-DI was higher for the five-word test <10 [odds ratio 3.2 (1.81; 5.63)]. The best performance was observed when the three tests were combined: specificity 90.5% and sensitivity 42.4% compared to respectively 89.2% and 28.3% for the five-word test. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the poor sensitivity of the five-word test, it seems to be the most adapted for the diagnosis of MCI-DI in older adults with a memory complaint, in prevention centres, taking into account its high specificity and its rapid administration compared to the other tests.

Gait phenotype from mild cognitive impairment to moderate dementia: results from the GOOD initiative.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The differences in gait abnormalities from the earliest to the later stages of dementia and in the different subtypes of dementia have not been fully examined. This study aims to compare spatiotemporal gait parameters in cognitively healthy individuals, patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-amnestic MCI, and patients with mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-Alzheimer's disease (non-AD). METHODS: Based on a cross-sectional design, 1719 participants (77.4 ± 7.3 years, 53.9% female) were recruited from cohorts from seven countries participating in the Gait, Cognition and Decline (GOOD) initiative. Mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured during normal pace walking with the GAITRite system at all sites. RESULTS: Performance of spatiotemporal gait parameters declined in parallel with the stage of cognitive decline from MCI status to moderate dementia. Gait parameters of patients with non-amnestic MCI were more disturbed compared to patients with amnestic MCI, and MCI subgroups performed better than demented patients. Patients with non-AD dementia had worse gait performance than those with AD dementia. This degradation of gait parameters was similar between mean values and coefficients of variation of spatiotemporal gait parameters in the earliest stages of cognitive decline, but different in the most advanced stages, especially in the non-AD subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Spatiotemporal gait parameters were more disturbed in the advanced stages of dementia, and more affected in the non-AD dementias than in AD. These findings suggest that quantitative gait parameters could be used as a surrogate marker for improving the diagnosis of dementia.

Anti-dementia drugs-related changes in gait performance while single and dual tasking in patients with Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The effects of anti-dementia drugs on gait performance in Alzheimer disease (AD) are questionable. The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effects of anti-dementia drugs on the mean value and the coefficient of variation (CoV) of stride time among patients with AD while taking into account the type of drugs (i.e., acetylcholinesterase inhibitors [AChEIs] versus memantine) and the walking conditions (i.e., single versus dual-task). METHODS: An English and French Medline search was conducted in March 2015, with no limit of date, using the Medical Subject Headings terms "pharmaceutical preparations" combined with terms "Pharmaceutical preparations" OR "Therapeutic uses" OR "Drug substitution" OR "Drugs essential" OR "Drugs, Generic" OR "Psychotropic drugs" combined with "Delirium" OR "Dementia" OR "Amnestic" OR "Cognitive disorders" AND "Gait" OR "Gait Ataxia" OR "Gait disorders, Neurologic" OR "Gait apraxia". Fixed-effects meta-analyses were used to examine anti-dementia drugs-related changes in mean value and CoV of stride time. RESULTS: Of the 66 identified abstracts, 5 (7.6%) were included in the meta-analysis. Inter-group comparison of between-visit change underscored a significant decrease in CoV of stride time (P<0.004) in intervention group compared to control group, whatever the pooled analysis considered, but no significant change in the mean value (P>0.06). Intra-group changes in stride time parameters following the use of anti-dementia drugs showed a significant decrease for memantine (P<0.001) and while pooling AChEIs and memantine (P<0.001) under single task condition. Under dual task condition, only AChEIs improved significantly stride time parameters (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Anti-dementia drugs demonstrated a significant improvement of gait performance with specific class effect depending on the walking conditions and on the type of stride time parameters considered.

Predicting prolonged length of hospital stay in older emergency department users: use of a novel analysis method, the Artificial Neural Network.

OBJECTIVE: To examine performance criteria (i.e., sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV], likelihood ratios [LR], area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]) of a 10-item brief geriatric assessment (BGA) for the prediction of prolonged length hospital stay (LHS) in older patients hospitalized in acute care wards after an emergency department (ED) visit, using artificial neural networks (ANNs); and to describe the contribution of each BGA item to the predictive accuracy using the AUROC value. METHODS: A total of 993 geriatric ED users admitted to acute care wards were included in this prospective cohort study. Age >85years, gender male, polypharmacy, non use of formal and/or informal home-help services, history of falls, temporal disorientation, place of living, reasons and nature for ED admission, and use of psychoactive drugs composed the 10 items of BGA and were recorded at the ED admission. The prolonged LHS was defined as the top third of LHS. The ANNs were conducted using two feeds forward (multilayer perceptron [MLP] and modified MLP). RESULTS: The best performance was reported with the modified MLP involving the 10 items (sensitivity=62.7%; specificity=96.6%; PPV=87.1; NPV=87.5; positive LR=18.2; AUC=90.5). In this model, presence of chronic conditions had the highest contributions (51.3%) in AUROC value. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-item BGA appears to accurately predict prolonged LHS, using the ANN MLP method, showing the best criteria performance ever reported until now. Presence of chronic conditions was the main contributor for the predictive accuracy.

Questioning vitamin D status of elderly fallers and nonfallers: a meta-analysis to address a 'forgotten step'.

BACKGROUND: Previous meta-analyses to determine the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation to prevent falls in the elderly have shown mixed results. Inconsistencies might depend on the dose of supplements, suggesting that serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration could influence the risk of falling. Our objective was to systematically review and quantitatively analyse the relationship between serum 25OHD concentration and the occurrence of falls. METHODS: A Medline search was conducted in December 2013, with no date limit, using the Medical Subject Heading terms 'Vitamin D' OR 'Ergocalciferols' OR 'Vitamin D deficiency' combined with 'Accidental Falls' OR 'Gait disorders, neurologic' OR 'Gait apraxia' OR 'Gait' OR 'Recurrent Falls' OR 'Falling'. Fixed and random-effects meta-analyses were performed to determine the following: (i) the effect size of the difference in 25OHD concentration between fallers and nonfallers and (ii) the risk of falling according to serum 25OHD concentration. RESULTS: Of the 659 retrieved studies, 18 observational studies - including ten cross-sectional and eight cohort studies - met the selection criteria. All were of good quality. The number of participants ranged from 80 to 2957 (44-100% women); 11.0% to 69.3% were fallers. Serum 25OHD concentrations were 0.33 × SD lower in fallers compared to nonfallers [pooled effect size 0.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18-0.47]. The risk of falls was inversely associated with serum 25OHD concentration [summary odds ratio (OR) 0.97; 95% CI 0.96-0.99]. The association between falls and hypovitaminosis D varied according to the definition used; the summary OR for falls was 1.23 (95% CI 0.94-1.60) for 25OHD <10 ng mL(-1) , 1.44 (95% CI 1.17-1.76) for 25OHD <20 ng mL(-1) and 0.95 (95% CI 0.81-1.11) for 25OHD <30 ng mL(-1) . CONCLUSIONS: Fallers have lower 25OHD concentrations, notably more often <20 ng mL(-1) , than nonfallers. These findings help to determine the profile of target populations that would most benefit from vitamin D supplements to prevent falls.

'Vitamin D and cognition in older adults': updated international recommendations.

BACKGROUND: Hypovitaminosis D, a condition that is highly prevalent in older adults aged 65 years and above, is associated with brain changes and dementia. Given the rapidly accumulating and complex contribution of the literature in the field of vitamin D and cognition, clear guidance is needed for researchers and clinicians. METHODS: International experts met at an invitational summit on 'Vitamin D and Cognition in Older Adults'. Based on previous reports and expert opinion, the task force focused on key questions relating to the role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Each question was discussed and voted using a Delphi-like approach. RESULTS: The experts reached an agreement that hypovitaminosis D increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults and may alter the clinical presentation as a consequence of related comorbidities; however, at present, vitamin D level should not be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of Alzheimer's disease due to lack of specificity and insufficient evidence. This population should be screened for hypovitaminosis D because of its high prevalence and should receive supplementation, if necessary; but this advice was not specific to cognition. During the debate, the possibility of 'critical periods' during which vitamin D may have its greatest impact on the brain was addressed; whether hypovitaminosis D influences cognition actively through deleterious effects and/or passively by loss of neuroprotection was also considered. CONCLUSIONS: The international task force agreed on five overarching principles related to vitamin D and cognition in older adults. Several areas of uncertainty remain, and it will be necessary to revise the proposed recommendations as new findings become available.

Vitamin D and white matter abnormalities in older adults: a cross-sectional neuroimaging study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Morphological brain changes related to hypovitaminosis D have been poorly studied. In particular, the age-related decrease in vitamin D concentrations may explain the onset of white matter abnormalities (WMA) in older adults. Our objectives were (i) to investigate whether there was an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration and the grade of WMA in older adults and (ii) to determine whether the location of WMA was associated with 25OHD concentration. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-three Caucasian older community-dwellers with no clinical hydrocephalus (mean 71.6 ± 5.6 years; 43.6% female) received a blood test and a magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain. The grades of total, periventricular and deep WMA were scored using semiquantitative visual rating scales from T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. The association of WMA with as-measured and deseasonalized 25OHD concentrations was evaluated with the following covariates: age, gender, body mass index, use of anti-vascular drugs, number of comorbidities, impaired mobility, education level, Mini-Mental State Examination score, medial temporal lobe atrophy, serum concentrations of calcium, thyroid-stimulating hormone and vitamin B12, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. RESULTS: Both as-measured and deseasonalized serum 25OHD concentrations were found to be inversely associated with the grade of total WMA (adjusted ß = -0.32, P = 0.027), specifically with periventricular WMA (adjusted ß = -0.15, P = 0.009) but not with deep WMA (adjusted ß = -0.12, P = 0.090). Similarly, participants with 25OHD concentration <75 nM had on average a 33% higher grade of periventricular WMA than those with 25OHD ≥75 nM (P = 0.024). No difference in average grade was found for deep WMA (P = 0.949). CONCLUSIONS: Lower serum 25OHD concentration was associated with higher grade of WMA, particularly periventricular WMA. These findings provide a scientific basis for vitamin D replacement trials.